An effort to develop a better fire shelter following the deaths of 19 wildland firefighters in Arizona six years ago has failed.
Officials at the National Interagency Fire Center in Boise in a decision on Wednesday said the current fire shelter developed in 2002 will remain in use.
The Arizona firefighters had deployed that same type of shelter in 2013, but still died in the blaze. Last year, however, two wildland firefighters on two separate wildfires used their fire shelters and survived without burn injuries, officials said.
The National Wildfire Coordinating Group’s executive board determined the current shelter combines the most practical amount of protection balanced against weight, bulk and durability.
The U.S. “Forest Service conducted an exhaustive search of materials and designs, working with 23 different entities that produced hundreds of different materials and combinations,” officials said.
Researchers were tasked to create a shelter that could repel radiant heat, which is felt standing near flames, and convective heat, felt if you put a hand into the fire.
The current 4.5-pound (2-kilogram) shelter with an aluminum foil-woven silica outer shell can withstand direct flames and 2,000 degrees (1,090 Celsius) for about a minute.
A survey among front-line firefighters at the start of the development process for a potential new fire shelter found that less than 5% wanted to carry a heavier, more protective shelter. About half wanted a lighter shelter with the same protection, and most of the rest wanted a shelter of similar weight with better protection.
Firefighters typically carry 40 or 50 pounds (18 or 23 kilograms) of gear, and officials said studies have found that carrying heavier packs could increase fatigue and lead to poor decision making in potentially dangerous and fast-changing situations.
Researchers came up with four prototypes that were sent into the field last year — two for line-going firefighters and two for equipment operators.
Officials said one of the prototypes for line-going firefighters was lighter, smaller and performed better than the current shelter but was eliminated due to failing production requirements.
Another for line-going firefighters outlasted the current shelter by 37 seconds in a direct-flame test, but was 1 pound (.5 kilograms) heavier than the current shelter and also bulkier.
A rejected prototype shelter for equipment operators was four times the size of the current shelter and 1.5 pounds (.7 kilograms) heavier.
Ultimately, officials determined the current shelter remained the best option. A factor in the decision, officials said, was a decreasing trend in the number of annual fire shelter deployments.
The current shelter was developed following the deaths of 14 firefighters on Colorado’s Storm King Mountain in 1994. Federal officials hoped to replace the current fire shelter following the 2013 deaths in the Arizona wildfire.
Those two fires are among the deadliest for wildland firefighters in U.S. history and the worst since fire shelters became mandatory in 1977.q
