The European Central Bank appears to be preparing a new shot of stimulus to try to energize the economy. But the move is sure to renew a nagging question: Can central banks do much good when rates are already ultra-low?
Analysts say the bank is likely to cut a key interest rate further below zero on Thursday and could take other steps, including restarting a bond-buying program to pump newly created money into the economy.
That could help the economy by making money cheaper to borrow, a policy that U.S. President Donald Trump has repeatedly pushed the U.S. Federal Reserve to emulate . Yet some officials question how much good another large blast of stimulus will do.
The possible stimulus has raised uncertainty about exactly how big a package might be decided at the gathering of the ECB’s 25-member governing council. It will be President Mario Draghi’s next-to-last meeting after an eight-year term as head of the monetary authority for the 19 countries that use the euro.
Draghi gave clear hints in a June speech and after the bank’s last meeting, on July 25, that more action was on the way to counter the slowdown in economic growth, which has been blamed in large part on the U.S.-China trade dispute.
Analysts think the ECB will at least cut the rate on deposits that it takes from commercial banks from a current minus 0.4% to minus 0.5% or even minus 0.6%. The unusual negative rate — in effect a penalty aimed at pushing banks to lend spare cash rather than let it pile up overnight at the central bank — suggests how stretched monetary policy has become in the wake of the Great Recession.
Beyond that, the ECB’s governing council could extend its current promise not to raise rates before mid-2020.
And it could decide to resume bond purchases that were stopped in December before economic data took a turn for the worse. Florian Hense, an analyst from Berenberg Bank, said the ECB could purchase 30 billion euros ($33 billion) in government and corporate bonds a month for at least 12 months.
The bank purchased 2.6 trillion in bonds ($2.9 trillion) over almost four years, a step that drives up bond prices and drives down interest yields, since prices and yields move in opposite direction. Anticipation of more purchases has driven government bond yields across Europe below zero , meaning governments get paid to borrow and investors are willing to pay for a safe place to stash their money.
The Fed is also moving in the direction of more stimulus, though Trump would like it to cut rates faster and has praised the ECB’s negative rates. The Fed cut its key policy rate in July for the first time in a decade, to a new range of 2% to 2.25%. Markets believe there is a near certainty the Fed will cut rates for a second time at its next meeting Sept. 17-18.
Trump on Wednesday tweeted about the benefits in his view of negative interest rates, calling the U.S. Federal Reserve “Boneheads” for not pushing U.S. rates down to “ZERO or less.”
There are doubts, however, about how much monetary policy can do.
Among the big issues hurting business confidence are political standoffs such as the trade war and Britain’s uncertain exit from the European Union. Credit is already cheap and abundant for governments and companies with good credit ratings. And low rates can have side effects, such as eroding bank profits and inflating the prices of riskier assets such as stocks.
ECB governing council member Klaas Knot, head of the Dutch central bank, has said the economy isn’t weak enough to warrant bond purchases. Another member, Sabine Lautenschlaeger of Germany, has said she opposes re-starting bond purchases.
Private economists took strong issue with Trump’s contention that negative rates would be good for the United States.
“Negative interest rates are totally destructive to savings and investment,” said economist David Jones, the author of four books on the Federal Reserve. “Money is flowing out of countries that have negative rates.”
Jones said rates that are near zero or actually negative in many European countries and Japan are a big reason that U.S. long-term rates are so low, as foreign investors search for better returns in the United States.
As central banks are stretched, the discussion has turned to government spending policy as a way to support growth.
Draghi’s designated successor, Christine Lagarde, said during her nomination hearing last month that fiscal policies “need to be available to stabilize our economies through downturns and avoid overburdening monetary policies.” She urged governments to make pro-business reforms and spend on growth-friendly investment where possible.
“I’m not a fairy,” she said, adding that “central banks are not the only game in town.”
Lagarde, who resigned as head of the International Monetary Fund effective Friday after being nominated for the ECB presidency by European governments, will take over from Draghi on Nov. 1.
Draghi has also urged governments that are in good financial shape to spend more on projects that would help growth, but has largely been ignored. Germany, the eurozone’s biggest member, continues to run budget surpluses despite urging from the IMF to spend more on infrastructure such as extending high-speed internet to all areas of the country.
The eurozone economy grew a modest 0.2% in the second quarter while Germany shrank 0.1% and could fall into a technical recession, defined as two quarters of contraction, if it drops again in the third quarter.q
